Learning how to identify bed bugs will help any home owner or apartment tenant avoid an infestation. All it takes is one pregnant female to produce a population. Bed Bugs do resemble other bugs, so a close inspection is required.
Bed bug appearance will change based on where they are in their life cycle, as they pass through 5 nymph and 1 adult stage. Color and shape can also vary if the bedbug has just had a blood meal and if that meal has been digested. They will appear flat and light brownish if they haven't just eaten and will become reddish after feeding.
Actual Size Picture and Magnified View of Bed BugsPhoto Credit: R. Naylor
overview
Bed bug infestations are increasing across the globe. Reports in many U.S. cities show a 2x increase in complaints over a 2 year period. Reports in Ontario Canada have increased 100%, while Germany has seen a year to year increase of 5 reports to 76 reports.
In its earliest stages bed bugs may be difficult to detect since red bumps on the skin and skin itch, the typical symptom, can have multiple causes. As an infestation grows, repeated bites and stains on the mattress make it obvious that bed bugs are the problem and indicates that you should bring in an expert to identify bed bugs in your home or apartment.
Bed bugs change in appearance depending on where they are in the bed
bugs life cycle. A bed bug will pass through five stages
before reaching the sixth stage which is adulthood. Baby bed
bugs are referred to as nymphs.
How to Identify Bed BugsBed Bug Life Cycle Before and After Feeding
The bugs are also difficult to detect since they tend to only leave their hiding places at night, with the only sign being mattress or furniture stains. When an infestation is small, must bugs can be found on or near a bed, hiding on a box spring, backboard on in cracks on a bed frame, particularly wood frames. Always look for light to dark spots which can be shed skins and feces .
bed bug actual size
At birth they are about 1/16 of an inch and have a light straw color appearance. After a blood meal they will redden in color and appear to be larger. As they get older they become darker in color, taking on a reddish/brown appearance and grow to 1/4 inch.
Bed Bug Picture on PennyIf you think you have bed bugs, but want to be sure, then you can send a bug you capture to the Cornell Insect Diagnostic Laboratory. The service costs $25.
Instar Nymphs (Young Bugs) and Adult Bed Bugs FeedingBed bug hiding places
Bed bugs tend to hide in many places around a room, with most hiding near or around the mattress. The following diagram shows common bed bug hiding places. It is possible to see a solitary bed bug that isn't near the location of the larger infestation.
Bed Bug Hiding Places in BedroomWhen trying to identify bed bugs, look in the following places in the typical room:
- Headboard
- Top Part of a Curtain (valance)
- Drawers
- Bed frame (particularly wood, bed bugs dislike metal)
- Mattress
- Chairs
- Sofa
- Ironing board
- Edges of carpet
- Corners of walls
- Torn Wallpaper
- Shelves
- All electrical appliances near the bed
- Around electrical and cable plates
- Door and window frames
- Newspapers, magazines, items near the bed
bed bug identification tips
Here are some bed bug identification tips:
1. Bed Bug
Bites: The most telling way to determine if you have bed
bugs is
if you experience bites while sleeping. Bites can vary from
just puncture marks on the skin to large red bumps. The bites
themselves are an allergic reaction and vary from person to person.
It is possible for the allergic reaction to worsen after each
biting episode. When a person is being bitten they may only
feel a slight tickle. Bed bugs tend not to bite the face or bottom of the feet.
Picture of Bed Bug Bites on Arm2. Spots on the Mattress: Red blood smears, brown spots, or pale colored spots (fecal spots) on the mattress along the seams or on sheets, bed sheets or the head board. Look for clusters of spots, particularly on the head board, where the bugs might hide or rest.
Picture of Bed Bugs and Fecal Matter on Mattress
Picture of Bed Bugs Hiding on Boxspring Mattress3. Look for Bed
Bug Eggs; A female will lay clusters of Bed bug eggs along the seams of the mattress and
in other
parts of the room.
These are white pin sized specs that will be glued on to
the mattress as the eggs are sticky when laid by a female bed bugs.
When looking for a bed
bug egg, use a magnifying glass and a bed bug detection flashlight.
Picture of Bed Bug Egg Shells and Light and Dark Fecal Matter4. Bed Bug Odor: Bed bugs sometimes, but not always give off a distinct odor that smells like coriander. The alarm pheromone is not always produced so bugs or rooms infested by them don't always smell like this. However, bed bug dogs can pick up odors that humans cannot.
5. Seeing the bugs themselves on the mattress: 90% will be near or around the bed.
6. Create Your Own Bed Bug Trap: Rutgers University Scientists have devised a simple make at home trap that can help you identify bed bugs (Science News, Jan. 16, 2010).
Start by putting 2.5 lbs. or dry eyes in a 1/3 gallon jug. A cooler (eg; Coleman type) with a flip top will be best. Leave the spout open a bit, so that as carbon dioxide is released, it leaves the container. Put the cooler in the center of a bowl such as a pet food dish. Tape a piece of paper to the outside of the dish.
The bed bugs will be attracted to the carbon dioxide, climb up the side of the dish or bowl and then get trapped inside. Place some talcum powder into the dish, which will kill the bed bugs when it sticks to the insect's back. This home made bed bugs trap should work within 12 hours if you have bed bugs.
As an alternative, you can buy a Climbup Interceptor (pictured below), and place one under each leg of the bed. This will work the same way, and trap any bed bugs heading toward the bed and the human host.
how to identify bed bugs by appearance
Bed bugs are oval in appearance and can look like a tick or small cockroach. They follow a life cycle where they change in appearance. They appear to be flat if unfed or far on in digesting a blood meal. At first, Instars are whitish and yellowish or straw-colored and nymphs (young bed bugs) will be plump and red if they have taken a blood meal. They are not so red in color if digesting the meal.
After a meal a bed bug will become enlarged by approximately 30%.
Picture of Adult Bed Bug Before and After FeedingBed Bugs compared to other insects
There are 92 species of bed bugs in the world, with 16 of the 92 found in the United States. Sometimes it is very difficult to identify bed bugs vs. other bugs. These include:
- Assassin Bugs
- Bird-Feeding Cimicid
- Swallow Bugs
- Poultry Bug
- Chimney Swift Bug
- Pigeon Bug
- Western Bat Bugs
- Tropical Bed Bugs
- Eastern Bat Bug
Bugs vary by their natural host and where they are found. Several bugs need to be collected and examined by a pest control specialist in order to confirm that an infestation exists.
Bed Bug (left) Compared to Bat Bug (Right)Pictorial key to Bed bugs and other bugs that bite people
Biting Insect Comparison Chartget a professional inspection
A pest control expert will have the experience for how to identify bed bugs. We suggest starting with a call to Home Advisor. You can also call (877) 673-2704 for recommendations regarding an experienced exterminator near you.
Whether you search online or via phone, local pest
control experts that are pre-screened by the network before being recommended. They certify that each member is licensed and insured.
You can also search our database of
local bed bug experts here.
Someone that frequently treats bed bugs infestations will know where in a home or apartment to look for hiding bugs. Expect to pay $50 to $500 for an on site inspection ($500 is a dog is used) plus the cost of the treatment which can cost $750 or more.
As an alternative, a do it yourself kit, containing the multiple products you need, such as the one offered by Naturasil for Bed Bugs (uses organic methods) or Bed Bug Supply (insecticide based) will cost $160 for everything you need (spray, steamer, fossil dust, mattress covers).
brochures
Each of these free brochures provide additional information on how to identify bed bugs in your home or apartment.
Questions and answers
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